Ageism at work

Ageism at work INTRODUCTION Ageism can be defined as any attitude, action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age (Traxler, 1980, p. 4). As an ism, ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism, however, is different from other isms (sexism, racism etc.), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individuals age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept. Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes (Golde Kogan, 1959; Kastenbaum Durkee, 1964a, 1964b; Tuckman Lorge, 1953) and other research does not (Brubaker Powers, 1976; Schonfield, 1985). This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point. The first major problem is that the majority of ageism research suffers from a mono-method bias. In other words, each study used only one method to operationally define the ageism construct. Methods commonly used have included sentence completion (Golde Kogan, 1959), semantic differential (Kogan Wallach, 1961; Rosencranz McNevin, 1969), Likert scales (Kilty Feld, 1976), and adjective checklists (Aaronson, 1966). The problem inherent in the use of a mono-method is that any effect found may be an artifact of the method employed rather than the construct under study. Thus, a researcher should employ more than one method to look for consistency in the results. Another problem, according to Kogan (1979) is the use of within-subjects designs in ageism research. In other words, a subject will be asked to complete a questionnaire regarding both younger and older adults. Kogan asserts that by using this methodology, age is pushed to the foreground of a subjects mind. The subject thus becomes aware that the researcher is looking for age differences. Therefore, age differences are found. The use of primarily younger populations to study ageism represents another problem with ageism research. The majority of ageism research uses children, adolescents, or young adults as subjects and examines their perception of older adults. Only a few studies have examined the perceptions of the population whom the construct affects most older adults. Those studies which have used an older subject population have unfortunately used primarily institutionalized individuals as subjects (Kastenbaum Durkee, 1964a; Tuckman Lavell, 1957). Therefore, they do not represent the vast majority of older adults. Another problem with much of ageism research is that it only examines the negative stereotypes of old age. More recent studies have suggested that while attitudes toward the aged are increasingly positive, they are still stereotypic (Austin, 1985). Therefore, ageism has been expanded to include positive stereotypic images. However, these are rarely studied (Brubaker Powers, 1976). Two additional problems are primarily theoretical in nature. First, ageism research rarely examines or attempts to understand the causes of ageism. Thus, while much theoretical work has been conducted concerning the factors contributing to ageism, little empirical research has been conducted in this area. Second, ageism research rarely examines the interaction between ageism and other isms. As many individuals are in a position to experience more than one prejudice, the interaction between these prejudices needs to be examined. The Theoretical Basis of Ageism Ageism consists of a negative bias or stereotypic attitude toward aging and the aged. It is maintained in the form of primarily negative stereotypes and myths concerning the older adult. Traxler (1980) outlines four factors that have contributed to this negative image of aging. Each will be discussed below. The first factor that is postulated to contribute to ageism is the fear of death in Western society. Western civilization conceptualizes death as outside of the human life cycle (Butler Lewis, 1977). As such, death is experienced and viewed as an affront to the self. Death is not seen as natural and inevitable part of the life course. This can be contrasted with Eastern philosophy where life and death are all part of a continuous cycle. Death and life are inextricably woven together and the self continues throughout. To be a person, in Western society, however, means that one must be alive and in control of the events of one1s life. Therefore, death is feared. As death is feared, old age is feared; death and old age are viewed as synonymous in American society (Kastenbaum, 1979). Kastenbaum (1973) hypothesizes that ageism attitudes and stereotypes serve to insulate the young and middle-aged from the ambivalence they feel towards the elderly. This ambivalence results from the fact that the older adult is viewed as representing aging and death. Butler (1969) states: Ageism reflects a deep seated uneasiness on the part of the young and middle-aged a personal revulsion to and distaste for growing old, disease, disability; and a fear of powerlessness, uselessness, and death ((p. 243). This represents the most commonly argued basis for ageism. The second factor postulated by Traxler (1980) to contribute to ageism is the emphasis on the youth culture in American society. For example, the media, ranging from television to novels, place an emphasis on youth, physical beauty, and sexuality. Older adults are primarily ignored or portrayed negatively (Martel, 1968; Northcott, 1975). The emphasis on youth not only affects how older individuals are perceived but also how older individuals perceive themselves. Persons who are dependent on physical appearance and youth for their identity are likely to experience loss of self-esteem with age (Block, Davidson, Grumbs, 1981). The emphasis in American culture on productivity represents the third factor contributing to ageism in American culture (Traxler, 1980). It should be noted that productivity is narrowly defined in terms of economic potential. Both ends of the life cycle are viewed as unproductive, children and the aged. The middle-aged are perceived as carrying the burdens imposed by both groups (Butler, 1969). Children, however, are viewed as having future economic potential. In a way, they are seen as an economic investment. Economically, older adults are perceived as a financial liability. This is not to say that older adults are unproductive. However, upon retirement, the older adult is no longer viewed as economically productive in American society and thus devalued. The fourth factor contributing to ageism in American society and the so-called helping professions is the manner in which aging was originally researched. Poorly controlled gerontological studies have reinforced the negative image of the older adult. When aging was originally studied, researchers went to long-term care institutions where the aged were easy to find. However, only 5 percent of the older population is institutionalized. Thus, the early research on the aged and aging was based upon non-well, institutionalized older individuals. There is still a need for more research to be undertaken using a healthy, community-dwelling older population. The factors cited above represent four contributing factors to ageism. It has been proposed that individual ageist attitudes can be decreased through continual exposure to and work with older adults (Rosencranz McNevin, 1969). However, there appears to be a large societal influence on ageist attitudes. Therefore, until these societal influences are addressed, ageism can not be obliterated. For example, if the fear of death and therefore aging is not somehow addressed societally, then younger individuals will continue to attempt to make the older population somehow different from themselves. This differentiation of themselves from older adults, thus serves to protect them from the reality of death. DISCRIMINATION AT WORK PLACE The number of people claiming to have faceddiscrimination at workbecause of their age has more than tripled in a year, according to official statistics. Figures released by the Tribunal Service show that claims rose from 962 in 2006 to 2,940 in 2007. The figures come just days after Selina Scott reached a settlement with Channel Five, thought to be worth  £250,000, after claiming she had been the victim of ageism. The 57-year-old presenter sued the broadcaster after claiming she had been lined up to provide maternity cover for Natasha Kaplinsky on Five News but was subsequently overlooked. The figures will reinforce the belief among solicitors that the number of age-related cases will soar over the next few years. Legislation outlawing age discrimination was introduced three years ago, and Melanie Thomas, a solicitor at discrimination law specialists Palmer Wade, said: It takes a while for people to understand that they have new rights. Other figures show that there were 1,032 age discrimination claims in tribunals between April and June, compared with 700 claims in the same period last year. In 2007, the average payout for successful age discrimination cases was  £8,695, compared with  £10,044 for sex discrimination and  £17,308 for race claims. Meanwhile, some people have tried to exploit the laws to their own advantage. Margaret Keane, 50, applied for a series of jobs for recently qualified chartered accountants and, after failing to get any, tabled compensation claims on the grounds of age discrimination. Gillian Shaw, a solicitor at employment law specialists Ledingham Chalmers LLP, said: There is a financial incentive for claimants to look for an alternative to a straightforward claim of, say, unfair dismissal because age discrimination, like sex and race discrimination, does not have an upper limit on the amount of compensation that can be claimed. Scott argued that Channel Five had backed out of a  £200,000 presenting deal because they felt she was too old, choosing Isla Traquair, 28, instead. A string of former BBC faces including Kate Adie and Anna Ford joined forces to accuse television of discriminating against mature women. Dame Joan Bakewell claimed the medium was dominated by the hideously young. In an interview in todays Observer, Ford claims women suffer the most. Ageism against women, she adds, is a peculiar British tradition. In America, there are women with white hair who are heads of banks, heads of corporations, she said. Where are those women here? The latest government figures, released earlier this year, showed that the pay gap between men and women had widened for the first time in years. The new Equality Bill is due to be presented to Parliament this spring, and not a moment too soon, according to the Equality and Human Rights Commissions fifth annual Sex Power report, which recorded a drop for the first time in women attaining top jobs. In 12 out of 25 job categories, it found fewer women in top posts than in 2007. Ageism at work in later life There is a commonly assumed view that ageism affects only a small minority of older people in the UK. The popular television character Victor Meldrew from One Foot in the Grave perfectly captures the stereotype of a grumbling man in later life, stuck in his ways, resistant to change, baffled by technology and distanced from the views and activities of young people. Yet, when examining the issue of ageism, it becomes clear that as with all stereotypes this image is flawed. Ageism affects a wide age group, of both genders and all backgrounds. According to a MORI Social Research Institute poll, ageism tops the list of UK discrimination in the workplace. Over one in five people (22%) interviewed by MORI felt they had been unfairly discriminated against in the work environment. 38 per cent of those who were discriminated against cited age as the most prevalent form of discrimination. Of those who believed they had personally encountered ageism in the workplace, just over half said they were discriminated against because they were too old, however the remaining half claimed to have received unfair treatment for being too young. Estimated cost to the economy of this form of discrimination ranges from  £16 billion to  £31 billion.These figures are shocking but statistics alone cannot account for the social or personal impact that ageism has on individuals and society at large. The government Age Positive Campaign is insistent that attitudes must change. By 2010 nearly 40 per cent of the working population will be over 45. Supporting this cultural shift, legislation preventing ageism in the workplace will be in place in the UK by 2006. But what the government really wants is change here and now. More and more employers in the public and private sector are convinced by the business case of employing a mixed age workforce. They know that Age Positive can result in operational, market and revenue gains. Mixed age workforces are proven to provide employers with a wider available skills base, improved productivity, better morale, increased customer loyalty, greater market share and increased shareholder wealth. METHODOLOGY Todays report by the Employers Forum on Age (EFA), which surveyed 1,000 workers over the age of 16, claims discrimination against older and younger employees remains rife in the workplace. It found that 61 per cent of respondents had witnessed ageist behaviour at work, and half did not know about legislation which would make this illegal. The survey also shows that young and old people could lose out on pay rises and promotions as a result of their age 31 per cent said they had seen older people paid more for doing exactly the same job as a younger employee. Almost a quarter 23 per cent recalled an older worker being promoted even if the younger candidate had more experience. EFA director Sam Mercer commented: As our research has confirmed, ageism is endemic in our society and rife in our workplaces. These attitudes need to be challenged and outlawed so that they become as unacceptable as sexism or racism. Although Mr Mercer said the new laws, which will come into force on Sunday, will help provide protection for people who feel that they have been discriminated against on grounds of their age, he added the change in legislation was just the beginning of a long jour ney towards tackling social prejudices. A spokesman for the Department for Work and Pensions told politics.co.uk the government was committed to ensuring equality at work. He noted that in the past year 208,000 more people aged over 50 are working, claiming the evidence suggests there are many businesses which are keen to harness the skills and experience older workers can bring. He added: We know the practice of ageism is bad for business and the new legislation will ensure that older workers are protected and ageism is stamped out. The governments Age Positive campaign, which sees businesses supplied with an age toolkit, involves working with a wide range of UK businesses to help them recognise the benefits of older workers such as reduced recruitment costs, higher retention rates, greater flexibility, higher productivity, and a broader range of skills and experience, he said. The government will consider whether to keep the compulsory retirement age, currently at 65 for men, or to abolish it at a formal review in 2011. The EFA report comes in the wake of a separate survey for the charity Help the Aged, which finds only 42 per cent of the 1,000 people questioned were aware of the new laws on age discrimination. It also showed that older people still feared ageism at work, and called on the government to ensure older employees knew their rights Age discrimination is still rife, and urgent legislation is needed to stamp it out, a survey has said. EXAMPLES Ageism also happen in sports like there is an example of Pakistani team coach Intikhab Ageism doesnt bother Pakistan coach KARACHI: Pakistan cricket team coach Intikhab Alam on Tuesday brushed aside negative criticism from those demanding his removal because of hisage, saying the campaign was motivated by jealousy. The 67-year-old guided Pakistan to the World Twenty20 title in England in June but Tests and One-day defeats on the Sri Lankatourlast month prompted former players to brand his old age a hindrance in proper coaching. But Alam brushed aside the flak. If there is healthy criticism I take it in a positive way, but targeting my age is negative thinking and I smell jealousy from this, said Alam on the sidelines of Pakistan teams training camp. The five-day camp is the final phase of Pakistans preparations for the elite eight-nationChampions Trophyto be played in South Africa from September 22-October 5. Alam said the same people who were pointing finger at his age were praising him a few months ago. I feel sorry for such people who have a personal vendetta against me, said Alam, who was also credited for Pakistans success in the 50-over World Cup in Australia in 1992. They cannot digest our T20 success. Former captain Aamir Sohail last week criticised Alam for being too old to handle coaching at international level. Former PakistanCricketBoard chief Tauqir Zia also joined Sohail in targeting Alams age, saying Pakistan needs a young coach to guide them to more successes. Alam, however, insists he is fit. I even take part in coaching drills and my age has never been a hindrance in my work. Coaching is all about experience and football coaches worldwide are over 70 years of age but no one speaks against them, said Alam. CONCLUSION According to an ICM poll for Age Concern, nearly one third of people know someone who has been a victim of age discrimination at work. Age discrimination is so widespread that 70% of people believe that ageism still occurs, the same as when a similar survey was conducted in 1998. Another one-in-10 people said that they have experienced discrimination by the NHS, health insurance companies, and been turned down for financial products because of their age. Too old Age Concern criticised employers and companies for failing to tackle ageism and the governments voluntary Code of Practice on age diversity in employment, which was published in 1999. Gordon Lishman, director general of Age Concern England, said: The governments voluntary code clearly isnt working. Comprehensive legislation is needed now, not just to cover the workplace but many other sectors of life. In November 2000, the government adopted a European Union directive, which outlaws age discrimination at work. It must now introduce legislation which supports the directives principles by 2006. Political voice Age Concern has also announced plans to offer older people membership of the charity, to strengthen its campaigning work. Mr Lishman, said: It will give older people the opportunity to directly influence policy makers and force the age issue higher up the political agenda. There are between 700,000 and 1m people in the UK who are aged between 50 and 64 and are unemployed or economically inactive. BIBLOGRAPHY BBC INDIATIMES http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/488/488%20srivastava.htm

Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business

Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business BUS/475 Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business A successful strategic plan must be based on the company's mission, vision, and values. The purpose of this paper is to define a selected business, products, services, and customers by creating a mission statement. In addition, this paper contains a vision for the organization that demonstrate the expected future for the business, and it will define the company values considering important topics such as culture, social responsibility, and ethics.It will also analyze how the vision, mission, and values guide the company's strategic direction. Finally, it will evaluate how the company address customers needs and how competitive advantage will be achieved. The name of the company is Bella Boutique. Bella Boutique is a trendy fashion and accessory boutique. Bella, which means â€Å"beautiful† in Spanish, defines the concept of the boutique. Bella Boutique will carry a wid e variety of contemporary clothing, accessories, shoes, and make up.Bella Boutique also offers free personal style advice, which includes and detail style assessment based on body type, skin color, style, and personality of the customer. The target customers of Bella Boutique are young adult women, including college, professional, modern girls. These girls enjoy shopping in a fun environment that offers trendy and affordable fashions with a superior personalized service. Bella Boutique will stand out from the competition by having a good location in a high-shopping area, offering quality products, and excellent customer service.Products and services will be offered in-stores and online. Mission Statement – To provide modern young women with a boutique that offers a fun and comfortable shopping environment – To offer a wide variety of trendy fashion and accessories to make sure customer always find something they love – To help women learn what styles and colors go best with their unique body types and personalities Vision Statement – To be the boutique of choice for young, modern women To open many stores throughout the country and drive up sales by promoting our products effectively Guiding Principles or Values – Customers are our priority. Always make an extra effort to make sure customers are satisfied with our products and services – Educate customers about new trends and how to style their purchases properly. Make sure customers needs are met – We encourage and promote cultural and ethnical diversity in our stores. Employees from different cultural and ethnical backgrounds bring to our company a true reflection of our society – Our employees are our greatest asset.We encourage employees to share their creative and innovative ideas to improve our company – Our company provides a fun working atmosphere and promotes personal growth and development. We strive to offer our employees a healthy work- life balance – Respect and honesty must always be present when dealing with our customers, vendors, and employees. We do not engage in acts that can be detrimental to the reputation of our company – We conduct our business with social responsibility.Our products are purchased from socially and environmentally responsible vendors. We also contribute to improve society by volunteering and helping in social causes – Employees will adhere to the highest ethical standards at all times The mission, vision, and values statement for my company provide the structure, framework, and goals in which all the actions will be based on. The mission and values provide the framework to guide every action in the strategic plan. The vision is our objective, what we want to accomplish for our company in the future.The mission, vision, and values set the right direction for the company actions. Employees must know that their actions affect the overall mission, vision, and values of t he organization. These statements are the guiding principles for the company strategic plan, for that reason employees actions should always reflect the mission, vision, and values statements of the company to ensure its success. The trends in fashion are always changing, Bella Boutique will have to be alert of the new trends to keep customers satisfied.Another resource to make sure the company is addressing customers needs is to have customer satisfaction surveys, allowing the customers to express what they like about our store and what they would change. Bella Boutique will have plenty of local competition from many other boutiques. The most direct competitors will be those with the same concept, located in the same area, carrying some of the same brands we sell, and advertising to our target market.Besides the trendy and affordable clothing and accessories, Bella Boutique will create a significant competitive advantage by providing a place to shop with a fun, comfortable, and wel coming atmosphere. In addition, Bella Boutique offers a superior customer service, and we strive for 100% customer satisfaction. Another unique feature of Bella Boutique that creates competitive advantage is the free personalized styling service, in which a professional stylist helps the customers find the right pieces of clothing for their body type and personality.Bella Boutique locations will be designed with comfort and convenience in mind, the store will be decorated with contemporary furniture and painted with inviting colors. The store will have big private dressing rooms with plenty of hooks to hang the clothing pieces and an assigned employee to assist customers. Also for more convenience the store will have small and elegant shopping carts to make the shopping experience more enjoyable. In addition, the store will have a dedicated kids room where the customer's children can play while their parents shop.The kids room will also have a nursery portion to allow customer to fe ed and change small babies. In conclusion, this paper defined the concept of Bella Boutique along with its products, services, and customers. The mission statement was developed to explain the concept of the business. The vision statements are clearly defined to show where the company is heading and the values reflect how the company will conduct business. The mission, vision, and value statements help align the different elements of the strategic plan with the company goals.By creating and implementing the mission, vision, and value statements Bella Boutique, defines the current situation of the company and have a clear understanding of where the company is heading. References Thompson Jr. , A. A. , Gamble, J. E. , ; Strickland III, A. (2006). Strategy Winning in the Marketplace. McGraw-Hill. www. bplans. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 19, 2012, from http://www. bplans. com/womens_clothing_boutique_business_plan/company_summary_fc. php. www. brainmass. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 19, 2012, from http://brainmass. com/business/marketing/286812. Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business BUS/475 Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business A successful strategic plan must be based on the company's mission, vision, and values. The purpose of this paper is to define a selected business, products, services, and customers by creating a mission statement. In addition, this paper contains a vision for the organization that demonstrate the expected future for the business, and it will define the company values considering important topics such as culture, social responsibility, and ethics.It will also analyze how the vision, mission, and values guide the company's strategic direction. Finally, it will evaluate how the company address customers needs and how competitive advantage will be achieved. The name of the company is Bella Boutique. Bella Boutique is a trendy fashion and accessory boutique. Bella, which means â€Å"beautiful† in Spanish, defines the concept of the boutique. Bella Boutique will carry a wid e variety of contemporary clothing, accessories, shoes, and make up.Bella Boutique also offers free personal style advice, which includes and detail style assessment based on body type, skin color, style, and personality of the customer. The target customers of Bella Boutique are young adult women, including college, professional, modern girls. These girls enjoy shopping in a fun environment that offers trendy and affordable fashions with a superior personalized service. Bella Boutique will stand out from the competition by having a good location in a high-shopping area, offering quality products, and excellent customer service.Products and services will be offered in-stores and online. Mission Statement – To provide modern young women with a boutique that offers a fun and comfortable shopping environment – To offer a wide variety of trendy fashion and accessories to make sure customer always find something they love – To help women learn what styles and colors go best with their unique body types and personalities Vision Statement – To be the boutique of choice for young, modern women To open many stores throughout the country and drive up sales by promoting our products effectively Guiding Principles or Values – Customers are our priority. Always make an extra effort to make sure customers are satisfied with our products and services – Educate customers about new trends and how to style their purchases properly. Make sure customers needs are met – We encourage and promote cultural and ethnical diversity in our stores. Employees from different cultural and ethnical backgrounds bring to our company a true reflection of our society – Our employees are our greatest asset.We encourage employees to share their creative and innovative ideas to improve our company – Our company provides a fun working atmosphere and promotes personal growth and development. We strive to offer our employees a healthy work- life balance – Respect and honesty must always be present when dealing with our customers, vendors, and employees. We do not engage in acts that can be detrimental to the reputation of our company – We conduct our business with social responsibility.Our products are purchased from socially and environmentally responsible vendors. We also contribute to improve society by volunteering and helping in social causes – Employees will adhere to the highest ethical standards at all times The mission, vision, and values statement for my company provide the structure, framework, and goals in which all the actions will be based on. The mission and values provide the framework to guide every action in the strategic plan. The vision is our objective, what we want to accomplish for our company in the future.The mission, vision, and values set the right direction for the company actions. Employees must know that their actions affect the overall mission, vision, and values of t he organization. These statements are the guiding principles for the company strategic plan, for that reason employees actions should always reflect the mission, vision, and values statements of the company to ensure its success. The trends in fashion are always changing, Bella Boutique will have to be alert of the new trends to keep customers satisfied.Another resource to make sure the company is addressing customers needs is to have customer satisfaction surveys, allowing the customers to express what they like about our store and what they would change. Bella Boutique will have plenty of local competition from many other boutiques. The most direct competitors will be those with the same concept, located in the same area, carrying some of the same brands we sell, and advertising to our target market.Besides the trendy and affordable clothing and accessories, Bella Boutique will create a significant competitive advantage by providing a place to shop with a fun, comfortable, and wel coming atmosphere. In addition, Bella Boutique offers a superior customer service, and we strive for 100% customer satisfaction. Another unique feature of Bella Boutique that creates competitive advantage is the free personalized styling service, in which a professional stylist helps the customers find the right pieces of clothing for their body type and personality.Bella Boutique locations will be designed with comfort and convenience in mind, the store will be decorated with contemporary furniture and painted with inviting colors. The store will have big private dressing rooms with plenty of hooks to hang the clothing pieces and an assigned employee to assist customers. Also for more convenience the store will have small and elegant shopping carts to make the shopping experience more enjoyable. In addition, the store will have a dedicated kids room where the customer's children can play while their parents shop.The kids room will also have a nursery portion to allow customer to fe ed and change small babies. In conclusion, this paper defined the concept of Bella Boutique along with its products, services, and customers. The mission statement was developed to explain the concept of the business. The vision statements are clearly defined to show where the company is heading and the values reflect how the company will conduct business. The mission, vision, and value statements help align the different elements of the strategic plan with the company goals.By creating and implementing the mission, vision, and value statements Bella Boutique, defines the current situation of the company and have a clear understanding of where the company is heading. References Thompson Jr. , A. A. , Gamble, J. E. , ; Strickland III, A. (2006). Strategy Winning in the Marketplace. McGraw-Hill. www. bplans. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 19, 2012, from http://www. bplans. com/womens_clothing_boutique_business_plan/company_summary_fc. php. www. brainmass. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 19, 2012, from http://brainmass. com/business/marketing/286812.

Marketing Plan For Domino s Pizza - 951 Words

The main goal of markeî€ ng plan is to develop and establish a direcî€ on and detailed strategy of markeî€ ng eorts. Domino’s pizza is internaî€ onal well-known brand in fast food industry and it is among the largest pizza chain in United States of America, United Kingdom and other developing countries. Today there are over 8,700 Domino s Pizza stores in worldwide, employing over 145,000 team member and involving over 2,000 franchisees. Today, fast food industry is becoming more mature and compeî€ Ã®â‚¬ ve. Many other companies are try to involve in fast food industry Executive summary The main goal of marketing plan is to develop and establish a direction and detailed strategy of marketing efforts. Domino’s pizza is international well-known brand in fast food industry and it is among the largest pizza chain in United States of America, United Kingdom and other developing countries. Today there are over 8,700 Domino s Pizza stores in worldwide, employing over 145,000 team member and involving over 2,000 franchisees. Today, fast food industry is becoming more mature and competitive. Many other companies are try to involve in fast food industry. Globally Domino s Pizza delivers more than one million pizzas every day. It is essential to identify that the marketing purposes of Dominos offer greater customer fulfilment to help Domino’s Pizza achieve its future objectives. A brief history of Domino’s pizza is provided at the beginning of this plan along with an analysis of the fastShow MoreRelatedDominos Organization Goals : Dominos Essay1195 Wo rds   |  5 PagesQuestion 1. Dominos organisation goals: Dominos is committed to maintaining and developing the best food products in the quick service restaurant market. Dominos wants to be the world’s best quick service restaurant. In order to deliver this the company has made a numbers of commitments to food and safety. 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Love, Marriage And Slavery In Hurstons Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2243 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? Inflamd by love, and urgd by deep despair, he leaves the realms of light, and upper air; daring to tread the dark Tenarian road, and tempt the shades in their obscure abode, wrote the poet Ovid of Orpheus love for Eurydice (10.17-20). His passion for his bride, whose life was cut short by a viper on their wedding day, was so strong he dared to face the perils of the netherworld and stand before Hades and Persephone to request Eurydicers return to the living. Romantic love stories, similar to those of the Greek, have been told throughout Western history. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Love, Marriage And Slavery In Hurstons Novel" essay for you Create order The most famous being told by the Great Bard † Romeo Juliet † in which the lovers cannot live without the other and offer their lives so that they might join each other in the afterlife. Supportive, equality, and mutuality are the ideal and as such are not always consuetudinary. The lure of eros-philia-agape is inextricably bound to suffering, and yet the human condition causes us to search for the fairytale endings: the ?they lived happily ever after. In some cases, when the ideal is neglected to an extreme degree, marriage can turn into servitude. The protagonist of Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie Crawford, seeks the perfect lover, but each time falls short; being engulfed with bondage. It is not surprising then that an early target of the feminist movement was marriage. Sheila Cronan provided an iteration of the prevailing sentiment when she wrote: The institution of marriage ?protects women in the same way that the institution of slavery was said to ?protect blacks; that is, that the word protection in this case is simply a euphemism for oppression marriage is a form of slavery. (214) Given the history of African-Americans and the institution of slavery, the reference is not one to be passed over quickly. Slavery included corporal punishment, compulsory labor, ownership by another, and for African-American women it often involved forced exogamous relationships. To some degree, examples of each are found in the marriages of Janie Crawford. The choice Janie makes as to where to begin her autobiography allows the reader to understand her motivation. She sits relaxed under a pear tree, watching bees move from flower to flower, a symbiotic relationship essential to pollination. The imagery Hurston employs is orgasmic (sink into the sanctum of a bloom; arch to the love embrace; ecstatic shiver; and frothing with delight) and Janie exclaims, So this was a marriage (Hurston 10-11). Donald Marks equates this imagery with an organicist ideology, which characterizes her romantic relationships with Johnny Taylor and Tea Cake. Through this Marks understands it as a pursuit of passion and one free from social constructs, pure love (152,154). It is carefree love that Janie desires. She sees harmony within it and finds it to be part of the natural order. Her marriage with Logan Killicks appears to change Janiers perspective; She knew now that marriage did not make love (Hurston 25). Yet the allure of natural love, even within marriag e, never leaves her. Love is her desire for freedom that remains enkindled in the depth of her soul. It is evidenced in Janiers meetings with each of her lovers (Hurston 28,101-102). The ember that sustains Janie also contributes to her disillusionment as she never finds the ?happily ever after in her lovers. Her marriages are then transformed into slavery, oppressive and murderous. The specter of slavery is introduced early in the text as Janie recounts the story told to her by her grandmother, the slave of a white man who used her for his sexual gratification and impregnated her (Hurston 16-17). Nanny tells her own story in an effort to persuade Janie to make choices based on reason, i.e. prosperity and social mobility. Judie Newman believes that Nanny attempts to show Janie the path out of slavery slaves were denied choices and stability (820). The irony is that the ?choice is taken away from Janie because Nanny arranges the marriage with Logan Killicks over the objections of Janie. Janiers first marriage begins loveless, but she believes that love will eventually enter the relationship. Elements of their life together briefly satisfy the love needs of Janie but when Logan had stopped talking in rhymes to her [and] ceased to wonder at her long black hair and finger it (Hurston 25), a change comes over Janie. A simple move from honeymoon to reality arrives when Logan asks Janie to help him with the chores, which is symbolized with the purchase of a mule. The mule is a prominent symbol in Their Eyes Were Watching God, appearing on two different occasions. The first referenced by Nanny when she tells Janie that [d]e n***er woman is de mule uh de world (Hurston 14). The second was the hapless creature that is the laughing stock of Eatonville. There is a direct connection between the idea of a mule and slavery in Their Eyes Were Watching God, even slavery within slavery. It was sexual exploitation and political oppression that hampered the female slavers ability to dream higher (Sadoff 8). The mule then implies more than physical labor. It is an animal that is yoked and driven by its owner to do someone elsers bidding. Derek Collins equates this revelation in Janie with a movement toward self-determination (146). Though moving in the right direction, Collins does not capture the totality of the movement. It must be centered within the framework of her desire for natural love, of which self-determination is only a part. She realizes that she will never attain her ideal with Logan. It cannot be mere coincidence that Jody Starks enters the story the very afternoon Logan decides to purchase a second mule (the beginning of Logan and Janiers life together). Jody comes along and offers her an escape from Logan she takes it: You aint got no mo business wid uh plow [or] cuttin up no seed ptaters neither (Hurston 28). A path to freedom has been offered to her. The proverbial last straw on the camel (or mule)rs back is when Logan threatens to kill her with an axe if she does not follow his order to stay with him. This is enough to push Janie to choose a life of potential happiness with Jody rather than a life of slavery with Logan: From now on until death she was going to have flower dust and springtime sprinkled over everything. A bee for her bloom. Her old thoughts were going to come in handy now, but new words would have to be made and said to fit them. (Hurston 31) The words used by Hurston immediately recall the reader to Janiers revelation under the old pear tree. She, unlike Orpheus, has persuaded Charon to allow her to cross the River Styx in search of her beloved again. Though the seed for her enslavement has been planted at the sam e time. Janie recognizes in Jody what she thinks of as a natural-like love, only to later come to the realization that his love is another form of ownership. It does not take long for Janie to realize the differences between her own view of marriage and Jodyrs,Janie soon discovers that she is merely one of his possessions, a beautiful status symbol (Smith 29). Her personhood is denied when she is treated as an object. Then along comes the mule, symbolic of a critical shift in their relationship. Janiers role in the marriage is further devalued with the constant degradation of her property value in the eyes of Jody. Jody purchases a worn out old and mistreated in order to set it free and impress Janie with his magnanimity (Hurston 53-54). It is certainly an act of kindness to the animal. Perhaps in the mind of Jody he saw this as a symbolic act of Janiers freedom, but Janie herself interprets it as a symbol of her own slavery. Jody owns the mule as he owns Janie and is capable of disposing of either as he sees fit; the mule to retirement and Janie to silent shop work. Starks tyranny, his unwillingness to permit Janie to blossom, shatters her dream of the pear tree (Lupton 46). Hurston later describes Janie in the terms of a broken mule, saying her soul was affected (72). Hurstonrs use of soul can been seen as analogous to that quest for natural love. The ember was not snuffed out, merely buried deep within her. A fateful day in the store provides Janie the opportunity to enliven her passion. She miscuts a plug of tobacco and Jody berates her yo rump hangin nearly to yo knees (Hurston 74). Janie becomes livid and finally finds her voice once again. The judging of Janie by her appearance, particularly her muscle tone, cannot be seen as only an uncouth insult. Instead, it must be judged within the context of livestock; of which slaves were considered a part. The pity of the mule is based on its lack of functionality as a work animal and now Jody is making a similar claim toward Janie. The reminder of bondage awakens within her the possibility of achieving and dreaming beyond her present state. Only with the the death of Jody is Janie freed from his servitude. Tea Cake, an unlikely drifter, finds himself the preferred suitor of the widowed Janie. Janie quickly warms to him and the reader begins to see the flickers of natural love. When Janie asks his name, her response to Tea Cake is flirtatious, So you sweet as all dat (Hurston 93). Janie has been away from natural love for a long time and in the intervening period created her new vocabulary. Here she is reclaiming the old words, but in a broken way. Sweet is a remembrance of the honey, which is the nectar produced from the love-dance between the bee and the flowers of the pear tree. It is time to charm Charon once again. Romeo and Juliet, the story of Orpheus, and other cultural epics of love, end tragically; perfect love is always beyond the grasp of mortals. A natural assumption then would be that Tea Cakers contraction of rabies is another example of this. The manifestation of Tea Cakers obsession with jealousy in his delusional state may offer another view. As the disease progresses, he slowly loses his humanity. While Tea Cake may be willing to attack anyone in his condition, he keeps returning his focus on Janie and questions of her faithfulness to him. The final and remaining element of his personality is jealousy, a form of possession. The presence of jealousy prior to Tea Cakers infection is significant. When Janiers friend Mrs. Turner comes by the house and talks up her brother, Janie refuses to even consider him, Ah is married now, so ?taint no use in considerin (Hurston 137). Tea Cake hears the entire conversation: Tea Cake had a brain storm before the week was over he had whipped Janie. Not because her behavior justified his jealousy, but it relieved that awful fear inside him. Being able to whip her reassured him in possession. (Hurston 140) It was not rabidity that brought forth the jealousy. It was already present and not in a tangential way; it was at the core of Tea Cakers being. Hurston is deliberate in placing the symbolism of the mule in each of the relationships Janie Crawford had with her lovers. They are the markers of her slavery. Subtly, Hurston shifts the mule from being an external character to being personified in Janie herself. Even with Tea Cake, janie is not given a true choice, After dis, you betta come git uh job uh work out dere (Hurston 126). No longer is the mule doing the work, as with Logan, nor the mule acting as surrogate, as with Jody. Janie has become the passive mule doing the will of her master. Tea Cakers death needed to occur to allow Janie the possibility to continue to seek that which her heart desired: the flight of bees in search of sweet nectar. From the apian revelation of her youth to the struggles on the muck of Florida, Janie Crawford refuses to accept anything less than perfect love. Her marriages lacked support, equality, and mutuality; and instead became prisons. She was not one to sit idle; the fire was too strong in her. And so when Janie returns to Eatonville Tea Cake lives only through memory and they make pictures of love and life against the wall (Hurston 184). Through memory alone can love be perfect, and Janie is able to effectuate her control for the first time. Works Cited Collins, Derek. The Myth and Ritual of Ezili Freda in Hurstonrs Their Eyes Were Watching God. Western Folklore 55.2 (Spring 1996): 137-154 Cronan, Sheila. Marriage. Radical Feminism. eds. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, Anita Rapone. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973. 213-221. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper-Perennial, 1990. Lupton, Mary Jane. Zora Neale Hurston and the Survival of the Female. The Southern Literary Journal 15.1 (Fall 1982): 45-54. Marks, Donald. Sex, Violence, and Organic Consciousness in Zora Neale Hurstonrs Their Eyes Were Watching God. African American Review 19.4 (Winter 1985): 152-157. Ovid. Metamorphoses by Ovid. The Internet Classics Archive. 30 November 2010 . Newman, Judi. Dis aint Gimme, Florida: Zora Neale Hurstonrs Their Eyes Were Watching God. The Modern Language Review 98.4 (October 2003): 817-826. Sadoff, Dianne. Black Matrilineage: The Case of Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston. Signs 11.1 (Autumn 1985): 4-26. Smith, Barbara. Sexual Politics and the Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston. The Radical Teacher 8 (May 1978): 26-30.